New Control Methods Can Help Protect Coral Reefs from Invasive Species

The U.S. Geological Survey announces that control efforts such as the removal of shipwrecks and application of chlorine may help mitigate the damaging effects of corallimorph, which is a type of invasive anemone, on valuable coral reefs in the Central Pacific Ocean, according to a new U.S. Geological Survey study.

Coral reefs are prone to phase shifts where they quickly transition from coral-dominated to a uniformity of other organisms, typically algae. The Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Central Pacific is a unique case where a transition from corals to corallimorphs occurred. Corallimorphs are a type of invasive anemone that typically thrives in coral reefs that have been degraded by environmental or man-made disturbances. USGS scientists discovered the Palmyra corallimorph infestation at a shipwreck site in 2008. USGS Photo.

Corallimorphs are a type of invasive anemone that typically thrives in coral reefs that have been degraded by environmental or man-made disturbances.

“Coral reefs are home to a significant diversity of marine life, provide valuable economic and environmental services to millions of people, buffer shorelines from erosion and waves and can serve as a resource for the development of new medicines,” said Thierry Work, a USGS scientist and the lead author of the study.

Corallimorphs, or CM, can rapidly spread in coral reefs that have been degraded by environmental or man-made disturbances. At the Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Central Pacific, researchers found CM expanding and smothering otherwise pristine coral reefs in an area near a shipwreck. Starting in 2007, USGS scientists and partners surveyed the CM-infested coral reef before and after removal of the shipwreck. They found that wreckage removal helped reduce the proportion of highly CM-infested areas from 21 percent to 14 percent, marking the first time that shipwreck removal was shown to have beneficial effects for reef recovery from CM.

The scientists then devised additional methods to control CM on a small scale. By exposing CM to chlorine, they found that they could nearly eradicate the organism from small plots of about 100 square feet after several days. These plots remained mostly CM-free for at least 15 months, allowing native organisms such as coralline algae and small corals to regrow.

“Scaling up the control methods tested in our study might provide hope that the Palmyra corallimorph could be contained or possibly eradicated,” Work said. “Coupling these methods with shipwreck removal could potentially help control infestations at other sites.”

The arrows in this image point to mouths of individual corallimorphs, which are a type of invasive anemone that typically thrives in coral reefs that have been degraded by environmental or man-made disturbances. Each corallimorph mouth is surrounded by a corona of tentacles.
Coral reefs are prone to phase shifts where they quickly transition from coral-dominated to a uniformity of other organisms, typically algae. The Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Central Pacific is a unique case where a transition from corals to corallimorphs occurred. USGS scientists discovered the Palmyra corallimorph infestation at a shipwreck site in 2008. USGS Photo.

Coral reefs can experience phase shifts where they quickly transition from coral-dominated to a uniformity of other organisms, typically algae. Palmyra is a less common case where the transition was from corals to CM. USGS scientists discovered the CM infestation at the Palmyra shipwreck in 2007. The infested area had more than tripled by 2011, prompting the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to remove the wreckage in 2013.

“Ships are often sunk deliberately to promote diving or recruitment sites for reef organisms, but our study provides a cautionary note for such practices in tropical marine systems,” Work said.

The USGS partnered with the University of Hawai‘i, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and The Nature Conservancy on the new study.

For more information about USGS coral reef research, visit the USGS National Wildlife Health Center website.