Volcano Watch: Hualālai’s Wahapele Eruption — Cone-Building, Explosive Phreatic Activity And Lava Flows

“Volcano Watch” is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and affiliates. This week’s article was written by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory research geologist Natalia Deligne.

While our attention is generally drawn to the Island of Hawai‘i’s most active volcanoes, Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, it is also important to keep watch on the Island of Hawai‘i’s third-most active volcano, Hualālai, which underlies the most populated areas of Kailua-Kona and the central Kona coast.

Hualālai erupts much less often than its neighbors, with centuries rather than years or decades separating eruptions. The most recent documented activity was an earthquake swarm in 1929, which likely corresponded to an intrusion of magma into the volcano. Its most recent eruption occurred in 1800-01, and the erupted lava flows from 1800-01 underlie almost the entire Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole. Future eruptions from Hualālai might pose a direct threat to Kailua-Kona and the surrounding communities.

Another geologically recent Hualālai eruption was the Wahapele eruption, which likely occurred sometime between 1200 and 1400 AD. We do not know how long the Wahapele eruption lasted, but based on similar eruptions in Hawaiʻi, it probably lasted a few weeks to months, but probably not more than a few years.

The source of this eruption was Wahapele crater, a vent on the south flank of Hualālai at 1,540 meters (5,053 feet) elevation. The eruption started with the building of the Wahapele spatter cone. It grew to be about 700 meters (765 yards) across — slightly smaller than Maunaulu — with a shallow slope. During this first phase there were a few short lava flows, both ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe.

The eruption then turned violent. Part of the cone collapsed, similar to how part of Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed in 2018. However, unlike what happened at Puʻu ʻŌʻō, at Wahapele, this collapse led to an explosive phreatic eruption. A phreatic eruption happens when magma mixes with and heats groundwater to steam, causing an explosion, or more often, a series of explosions. It is unclear how long this phase of the eruption lasted — it could have been a few days or longer. A similar eruption at Kīlauea in 1924 lasted 18 days.

What we do know is that rock fragments ejected during this phase covered at least 10 square kilometers (roughly 4 square miles, or nearly 2,500 acres) — equivalent to the area of Kaluapele, Kīlauea’s summit caldera. Some of the rock chunks were half a meter (about a foot and a half) across! Finer grained material was also produced, and in places these deposits reached a thickness of 3 meters (yards).

After the explosive phase of the eruption, a smaller cone was formed within the cone of the first phase. This new cone was about 400 meters (a quarter-mile) across. At the same time, a large ʻaʻā flow headed west, reaching the ocean about 16 kilometers (10 miles) away. At its widest point, the flow was just under 5 kilometers (3 miles) across. Submersible dives in the 1980s suggest that this flow continued for about 2 kilometers (1.25 miles) into the ocean.

On land, the vent area and lava flows from the Wahapele eruption cover slightly more than Kīlauea’s 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption. It is about three-quarters the area of the 1800-01 eruption, and is the third largest known for Hualālai in terms of area covered. A caveat: most older flows are at least partially covered by more recent flows, so we do not know their full extent — some flows might be much more extensive than their mapped extent, and could be bigger than the Wahapele eruption.

Compared to Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, Hualālai poses a different challenge for monitoring changes in activity. Hualālai’s magma chamber sits 20-30 km (12-19 miles) beneath the surface, about 10 times deeper than the magma chambers of Kīlauea or Mauna Loa. Magma chambers this deep rarely cause surface deformation, so there might not be much warning prior to an earthquake swarm triggered by magma moving to the surface. Evidence from the 1800-01 eruption suggests that magma can move from depth to the surface in less than a day. While this is a worst case scenario, it is good to be prepared in case of any hazardous event, including eruptions, hurricanes, floods or fires. We currently do not see any indication of volcanic unrest at Hualālai, but we encourage residents to subscribe to the Volcano Notification Service to stay informed.

Volcano Activity Updates

Kīlauea volcano is erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level is at WATCH (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/about-alert-levels). Kīlauea updates are issued daily.

During the past week, lava has continued to erupt from the western vent within Halemaʻumaʻu crater. All lava is confined within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain elevated and were last measured at approximately 1,700 tonnes per day (t/d) on July 25. Seismicity is elevated but stable, with few earthquakes and ongoing volcanic tremor. During the past week, summit tiltmeters recorded two deflation-inflation sequences (DI-events). For more information about the current eruption of Kīlauea, see https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/recent-eruption.

Mauna Loa is not erupting and remains at Volcano Alert Level ADVISORY. This alert level does not mean that an eruption is imminent or that progression to an eruption from the current level of unrest is certain. Mauna Loa updates are issued weekly.

This past week, about 106 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded below the summit and upper elevation flanks of Mauna Loa — the majority of these occurred at shallow depths less than 15 kilometers (9 miles) below sea level. Global positioning system (GPS) measurements show low rates of ground deformation during the past week. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at the summit and at Sulphur Cone on the Southwest Rift Zone have remained stable during the past week. Webcams show no changes to the landscape. For more information about current monitoring of Mauna Loa, see: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa/monitoring.

Four earthquakes were reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M4.6 earthquake 43 km (26 mi) ESE of Nāʻālehu at 10 km (6 mi) depth on July 26 at 6:28 p.m. HST, a M1.9 earthquake 9 km (5 mi) E of Pāhala at 33 km (20 mi) depth on July 26 at 5:55 p.m. HST, a M4.3 earthquake 9 km (5 mi) ENE of Pāhala at 34 km (21 mi) depth on July 26 at 5:46 p.m. HST, and a M2.8 earthquake 9 km (5 mi) NE of Pāhala at 29 km (18 mi) depth on July 25 at 8:38 p.m. HST.

HVO continues to closely monitor Kīlauea’s ongoing eruption and Mauna Loa for any signs of increased activity.

Visit HVO’s website for past “Volcano Watch” articles, Kīlauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake info and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.