Hawai‘i Volcano Watch: Seismic Event Devastated Ka‘ū 150 Years Ago
Destruction caused by the 1868 great Ka‘ū earthquake included the Wai‘ōhinu church, shown here, in the Ka‘ū District of Hawaiʻi Island. With a magnitude estimated at 7.9, the earthquake is the largest in Hawai‘i’s recorded history. Photo by Henry L. Chase, published in “Volcanoes of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaiʻi” by W.T. Brigham, Bishop Museum Press, 1909.
This week marks 150 years since the largest earthquake to strike Hawai‘i in the last two centuries. Estimated to have been at least magnitude-7.9, this earthquake struck near Pāhala in the Ka‘ū District of the Island of Hawaiʻi on Apr. 2, 1868.
Known as the great Kaʻū earthquake, the event had the same maximum intensity as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, defined as “extreme shaking” on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. It was felt as far away as Kauaʻi and stopped clocks on Oʻahu. In Kaʻū, where people were bounced like balls from shaking that went on for several minutes, the destruction was nearly total. Stone buildings and walls were destroyed as far away as Hilo.
The shaking caused landslides from Kaʻū to Hawaiʻi Island’s northern Hāmākua coast and induced a small eruption on Kīlauea Volcano’s Southwest Rift Zone. A mudslide in Wood Valley north of Pāhala buried 31 Hawaiians. A tsunami, consisting of at least eight waves over several hours, was estimated to be more than 20 feet high in Kaʻū. The waves caused damage from South Point (Kalae) to Cape Kumukahi (Kapoho), destroyed more than 100 structures, and took 47 lives.
If it happened today, the great Kaʻū earthquake would be one of the world’s strongest earthquakes of this past year. Its size would also rival two of the most deadly events of the past decade: the magnitude-7.8 Nepal earthquake, which killed more than 8,000 people on Apr. 25, 2015, and the magnitude-7.9 Sichuan (China) earthquake, which killed nearly 90,000 people on May 12, 2008. Because the Island of Hawai‘i was sparsely populated in 1868, the loss of life from the Ka‘ū earthquake was limited.
In Hawai‘i, the most destructive earthquakes occur along a gently sloping fault between the base of the volcanoes and the ancient ocean floor on which they are built. This fault, located at a depth of approximately seven miles, is known geologically as a décollement, from the French word “décoller,” which means “to detach from.”
[Left] This cross-section through the south part of the Island of Hawai‘i illustrates the hypocenter of the 1868 great Kaʻū earthquake (red star), located on the décollement (bold black line) between Mauna Loa (brown) and the ancient ocean floor (tan). Earth’s lithospheric mantle and the ocean are represented in green and blue, respectively. [Right] The striped pattern on this map of Hawaiʻi Island indicates the areas of Mauna Loa and Kīlauea that must have moved along the décollement to produce the magnitude-7.9 Kaʻū earthquake in 1868. Red lines depict the rift zones on Mauna Loa (left) and Kīlauea (right). The approximate epicenter of the earthquake is shown as a yellow dot, and the direction of slip along the décollement is shown with black arrows. Graphics are modified from Max Wyss, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1988.
The Apr. 2 great Kaʻū earthquake was part of a larger volcanic crisis that unfolded over 16 days. On Mar. 27, an eruption quietly began in Mokuʻāweoweo, the caldera at the summit of Mauna Loa. Seismic activity increased through the day, and by the afternoon of Mar. 28, a magnitude-7.0 earthquake occurred in Kaʻū, which caused extensive damage from its own very strong to violent shaking.
During the following four days, nearly continuous ground shaking was reported in Kaʻū and South Kona. Earthquakes continued at rates of 50 to 300 per day, including a magnitude-6.0 each day, leading up to Apr. 2, when the great Ka‘ū earthquake, 15 times stronger than the magnitude-7.0 foreshock, occurred at 4 p.m. A severe aftershock occurred on Apr. 4, and aftershocks of decreasing magnitudes continued for decades.
The great Kaʻū earthquake unlocked Mauna Loa’s Southwest Rift Zone, and on Apr. 7, 1868, an eruptive fissure opened low on the mountain, just above today’s Highway 11 and east of Hawaiian Ocean View Estates. This eruption and the lava flows it produced will be the focus of next week’s Volcano Watch.
Though we do not know how often events as large as the great Kaʻū earthquake occur, we do know that, in Hawai‘i, active volcanoes drive the stresses that generate the largest earthquakes. Mauna Loa’s hazards, therefore, include eruptions, as well as large earthquakes along the décollement in Kaʻū and South Kona—for example, the magnitude-6.9 earthquake that occurred near Captain Cook in 1951.
Because of this, Island of Hawai‘i residents are encouraged to be prepared for both volcanic eruptions and potentially damaging earthquakes.
Volcano Watch is a weekly article written by U.S. Geological Survey`s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and colleagues.
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